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- °ðÀº ūâÀÚ
- À¯»ç±×·ì ¹«ÀÛÀ§È ºñ±³ ¿¬±¸(randomized controlled trial)
- Âü¿©ÀÚµéÀº µ¿Àü´øÁö±â °úÁ¤°ú ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÎ ¹«ÀÛÀ§¹ýÀ» ÅëÇØ ƯÁ¤ óġ±º(¾à¹°Ä¡·á±º) ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥±º(À§¾àÅõ¿©±º) Áß Çϳª¿¡ ¹èÁ¤µÈ´Ù.
µÎ ±ºÀ» ¹Ì¸® Á¤ÇÑ ½Ã°£ µ¿¾È ÃßÀûÇÏ°í ¿¬±¸ Âø¼ö½Ã¿¡ ¹Ì¸® Á¤ÀÇÇÑ Æ¯Á¤ °á°ú(¿¹: »ç¸Á, ½É±Ù°æ»ö, ¾Ï µî)¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇØ
°ËÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù.
- °¢ ±ºÀº ¾î¶² óġ¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼¸¸ Â÷À̰¡ ÀÖÀ» »Ó ³ª¸ÓÁö ºÎºÐÀº Æò±ÕÇÏ¸é µ¿ÁúÀûÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î
°á°ú¿¡¼ ³ªÅ¸³ µÎ ±º°£ÀÇ Â÷À̴ óġ¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
- ´ã¹è¿Í Æó¾Ï°úÀÇ »ó°ü¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ¿¹·Î µé¸é ½ÅüÀû Á¶°ÇÀÌ ºñ½ÁÇÑ 20´ë ³²ÀÚ Áß ºñÈí¿¬ÀÚ 100¸íÀ» ¸ð¾Æ¼ ¹«ÀÛÀ§·Î
50¸í¾¿ A±º°ú B±ºÀ¸·Î ³ª´« µÚ, A±ºÀº ´ã¹è¸¦ ÇÇ°Ô Çϰí B±ºÀº ´ã¹è¸¦ ÇÇÁö ¾Ê°Ô ÇÑ ´ÙÀ½ ¸î ³â µÚ¿¡ µÎ ±ºÀÇ
Æó¾Ï¹ß»ý·üÀÇ Â÷À̸¦ ±¸ÇÑ´Ù.
- À¯»ç±×·ì ºñ±³ ¹Ì·¡°üÂû¿¬±¸
- ÄÚȣƮ¿¬±¸(Cohort study)
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ƯÁ¤ »ç°Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ëÃâ°æÇè(¿¹: ¹é½ÅÁ¢Á¾, ¾à¹°Åõ¿© µî)ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ¿© µÑ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ´ëÁ¶±ºÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÑ ÈÄ ÃßÀûÇÏ¿© °¢°¢ÀÇ
±º¿¡¼ ƯÁ¤ Áúº´ ¶Ç´Â ƯÁ¤ °á°ú°¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹ÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇϴ°¡¸¦ »ìÇÉ´Ù.
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´ã¹è¿Í Æó¾ÏÀÇ »ó°ü°ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ¿¹·Î µé¸é Èí¿¬ÀÚ 50¸í°ú ºñÈí¿¬ÀÚ 50¸íÀ» ¸ðÀº ´ÙÀ½ ÀÏÁ¤ ±â°£ ÈÄ µÎ ±ºÀÇ
Æó¾Ï¹ß»ý·üÀ» Á¶»çÇÑ´Ù.
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À¯»ç±×·ì ºñ±³ °ú°Å°üÂû¿¬±¸
- ȯÀÚ´ëÁ¶±ººñ±³¿¬±¸(Case-Control study)
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ƯÁ¤ Áúº´ ¶Ç´Â ƯÁ¤ »óȲ¿¡ Àִ ȯÀÚ±ºµéÀº ¸ÕÀú ´ëÁ¶±º°ú ¦À» ÀÌ·é´Ù. ´ëÁ¶±ºÀº ȯÀÚ±ºÀÇ Áúº´°ú ´Ù¸¥ Áúº´À» ¾Î°í ÀÖÀ» ¼öµµ
ÀÖ°í, ÀÏ¹Ý Àα¸Áý´ÜÀÏ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. À̵éÀ» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î °ú°Å Àǹ«±â·ÏÀ» ¿¶÷Çϰųª º»Àο¡°Ô ¹°¾î È®ÀÎÇÏ´Â µîÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÅëÇØ Çö
Áúº´»óÅÂÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤µÇ´Â °ú°ÅÀÇ »ç°Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ëÃâ·Â °ü·ÃÀڷḦ ¼öÁýÇÑ´Ù.
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´ã¹è¿Í Æó¾Ï°úÀÇ »ó°ü°ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ¿¹·Î µé¸é Æó¾Ï¿¡ °É¸° ȯÀÚ±º°ú, ´Ù¸¥ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀº ȯÀÚ±º°ú À¯»çÇÏÁö¸¸ Æó¾Ï¿¡ °É¸®Áö ¾ÊÀº ´ëÁ¶±ºÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÑ
ÈÄ °ú°Å¿¡ ´ã¹è¸¦ ÇÇ¿î °æ·Â¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Á¶»çÇÑ´Ù.
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À¯»ç±×·ì ºñ±³ ½ÃÁ¡ °üÂû¿¬±¸
- ´Ü¸éÁ¶»ç¿¬±¸ Cross sectional study
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¿ªÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ½Ç½ÃÇÏ´Â Á¶»ç¿¡´Â º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ´ëÇ¥¼º ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Ç¥º»À» ÃßÃâÇÏ¿© ¸éÁ¢À̳ª Á¶»ç¸¦ ¹úÀÌ°í ¶Ç´Â Æ¯Á¤ ÀÓ»óÀû Áú¹®¿¡
´ëÇÑ ´äÀ» ã±â À§ÇØ ¿¬±¸ÇÑ´Ù´Â °øÅëÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
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´ã¹è¿Í Æó¾Ï°úÀÇ »ó°ü°ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ¿¹·Î µé¸é ÀÏÁ¤ Áö¿ª¿¡¼ Ç¥º»À» ÃßÃâÇÑ ´ÙÀ½ ´ã¹èÇÇ´Â »ç¶÷°ú Æó¾Ï¿¡ °É¸° »ç¶÷À» Á¶»çÇÑ
ÈÄ µÑÀÇ »ó°ü°ü°è¸¦ º»´Ù.
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Cross-sectional studies can be thought of as providing a "snapshot" of
the frequency and characteristics of a disease in a population at a
particular point in time. This type of data can be used to assess the
prevalence of acute or chronic conditions in a population. However,
since exposure and disease status are measured at the same point in
time, it may not always be possible to distinguish whether the
exposure preceded or followed the disease. The cross-sectional
survey--which, like a snapshot, "freezes" a specific moment in
time--aims at finding the same kind of relationships that might be
shown by the "moving picture" of the cohort study, but at far less
cost. In a cross-sectional survey, a specific group is looked at to
see if a substance or activity, say smoking, is related to the health
effect being investigated--for example, lung cancer. If a
significantly greater number of smokers already have lung cancer than
those who don't smoke, this would support the hypothesis that lung
cancer is caused by smoking.
- Cross-sectional analysis studies the relationship between different
variables at a point in time. For instance, the relationship between income,
locality, and personal expenditure. Unlike time series, cross-sectional
analysis relates to how variables affect each other at the same time.
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-sectional_study
- Áõ·Êº¸°í
- ÇØ´ç ÁúȯÀÇ È¯ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â¼ú°ú ºÐ¼®
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ÀÇ·á¼Õ»ó (Adverse event)
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ÀÇ·áÇàÀ§·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¿¹±âÄ¡ ¸øÇÑ »óÇØ(injury)³ª ÇÕº´Áõ(complication)ÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÏ¿©,
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ÀÔ¿ø±â°£ÀÌ ¿¬ÀåµÇ°Å³ª Àå¾Ö ȤÀº »ç¸ÁÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÑ °æ¿ì
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ÀÇ·á»ç°í
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ÀÇ·áºÐÀï
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ÀÇ·á¼Ò¼Û
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ÀÇ·á°ú½Ç(Medical Malpractice)
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ÀÇ·á°ú¿À
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ÀçÁ¤´Üµ¶
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°¡»ç¼Ò¼Û»ç°Ç ¹× ¸¶·ù °¡»çºñ¼Û»ç°Ç Áß¿¡¼ »ç¾ÈÀÇ ³»¿ëÀÌ º¹ÀâÇϰųª ½ÉÆÇÀÌ ´Ù ¼öÀÇ ÀÌÇØ°ü°èÀÎ ¶Ç´Â »çȸ¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿µÇâÀÌ Áß´ëÇÑ »ç°Ç¿¡
´ëÇÏ¿© ÇÕÀǺΰ¡ ½ÉÆÇÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÇÕÀǺΰ¡ °áÁ¤ÇÑ »ç°Ç(À̸¦ ÀçÁ¤ÇÕÀÇ»ç°ÇÀ̶ó ÇÑ´Ù)À» ÇÕÀǺÎÀÇ °üÇÒ·Î ÇÒ °Í À» Á¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù½Ã
¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ´Üµ¶»ç°Ç Áß¿¡¼µµ »ç¾ÈÀÌ º¹ÀâÇÑ »ç°ÇÀº ÀçÁ¤ÇÕÀÇ °áÁ¤À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÇÕÀÇ»ç°ÇÀ¸·Î ¹è´çÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹ÄÁ´ë ÀçÆÇ»ó ÀÌÈ¥»ç°ÇÀº
¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ´Üµ¶»ç°ÇÀ¸·Î ºÐ·ùµÇ¾î Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¿ø·¡´Â ´Üµ¶ÆÇ»ç°¡ À̸¦ ½É¸® ÀçÆÇÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ÀÌÈ¥¾ç´ç»çÀÚÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀÌ ³Ê¹« ºÐ¸í
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Á¤ÇüÀûÀÎ »ç°Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ´Üµ¶ÆÇ»ç°¡ ½ÉÆÇÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÇÕ ÀǺΰ¡ °áÁ¤ÇÑ »ç°Ç(À̸¦ ÀçÁ¤´Üµ¶»ç°ÇÀ̶ó ÇÑ´Ù)À» ´Üµ¶ÆÇ»çÀÇ ½ÉÆÇ±Ç¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â °Í À¸·Î
Á¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¿¡ µû¶ó À§ÀÚ·á µî Àç»ê±ÇÀÇ Ã»±¸ °¡¾×ÀÌ 3õ¸¸¿øÀ» ÃʰúÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡µµ »ç¾ÈÀÌ °£´ÜÇÑ »ç°Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©´Â À̰ÍÀ» ÇÕÀǺο¡
ÇØ´çÇÏÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇϰí ÀçÁ¤´Üµ¶°áÁ¤À» °ÅÃÄ ´Ü µ¶ÆÇ»ç°¡ ½É¸®Åä·Ï Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
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ä±Ç bond
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affirmative action
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affrmative action ¡¶¹Ì¡· Â÷º° öÆó Á¶Ã³
¡¶¼Ò¼ö ¹ÎÁ·°ú ¿©¼ºÀÇ ±³À° ±âȸ¿Í °í¿ë¿¡ À־·
-
After a federal court in 1996
barred the University of Texas from practicing affirmative action, the
state began offering admission to all high school students ranked in the
top 10 percent of their classes.
: ¿¬¹æ¹ý¿øÀÌ 1996³â, ÅØ»ç½ºÓÞÀÇ ¼Ò¼ö°è ¿ì´ëÁ¤Ã¥ ½ÃÇàÀ» ±ÝÁö½ÃŲ ÈÄ, ÅØ»ç½ºñ¶´Â ¸ðµç °íµîÇб³ÀÇ ¹Ý¿¡¼ »óÀ§ 10ÆÛ¼¾Æ®
Çлýµé¿¡°Ô ÀÔÇÐ Çã°¡¸¦ ³»Áֱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù.
credibility
-
n. whether
testimony is worthy of belief, based on competence of the witness and
likelihood that it is true. Unless the testimony is contrary to other
known facts or is extremely unlikely based on human experience, the test
of credibility is purely subjective.
opinion
-
n. the
explanation of a court's judgment. When a trial court judgment is
appealed to a court of appeals, the appeals judge's opinion will be
detailed, citing case precedents, analyzing the facts, the applicable
law and the arguments of the attorneys for the parties. Those opinions
considered by the court to be worthy of serving as a precedent or
involving important legal issues will be published in the official
reports available in most law libraries. Since appeals courts have
anywhere from three to nine judges, there are often "dissenting
opinions" which disagree with the majority opinion, and "concurring
opinions" which agree with the result, but apply different emphasis,
precedents or logic to reach the determination. Normally the majority
opinion identifies the author, but some brief opinions are labeled "in
banc" (by the bench) or "per curiam" (by the court) in which the author
is not specified.
prevailing party
-
n. the
winner in a lawsuit. Many contracts, leases, mortgages, deeds of trust
or promissory notes provide that the "prevailing party" shall be
entitled to recovery of attorney's fees and costs if legal action must
be taken to enforce the agreement. Even if the plaintiff gets much less
than the claim, he/she/it is the prevailing party entitled to include
attorney's fees in the collectable costs. Usually there is no prevailing
party when a complaint is voluntarily dismissed prior to trial or
settled before or after trial has begun.
probative
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adj. in
evidence law, tending to prove something. Thus, testimony which is not
probative (does not prove anything) is immaterial and not admissible or
will be stricken from the record if objected to by opposing counsel.
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probative value
-
n. evidence
which is sufficiently useful to prove something important in a trial.
However, probative value of proposed evidence must be weighed by the
trial judge against prejudicing in the minds of jurors toward the
opposing party or criminal defendant. A typical dispute arises when the
prosecutor wishes to introduce the previous conduct of a defendant
(particularly a criminal conviction) to show a tendency toward
committing the crime charged, balanced against the right of the accused
to be tried on the facts in the particular case and not prejudice
him/her in the minds of the jury based on prior actions.
-
probative facts
stipulate
-
1 <°è¾à¼¡¤Á¶Ç×
µîÀÌ> ±ÔÁ¤ÇÏ´Ù, ¸í±â(Ù¥ÑÀ)ÇÏ´Ù, ¸í¹®ÈÇÏ´Ù;Á¶°ÇÀ¸·Î¼ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Ù
-
It was
stipulated in writing that the delivery (should) be effected this month.
Àεµ´Â ÀÌ ´Þ¿¡ ¸¶Ä£´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ °è¾à¼¿¡ ¸í±âµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
-
Nobel's will stipulated that
the judges for the prizes would consist of the Royal Swedish Academy of
Science, the Swedish Royal Caroline Medico-Surgical Institute, the
Swedish Academy, and a committee elected by the Norwegian Parliament.
: ³ëº§ÀÇ À¯¾ð¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ½º¿þµ§ ¿Õ¸³ °úÇпø°ú ½º¿þµ§ ¿Õ¸³ ij·Ñ¶óÀÎ ³»°ú¿Ü°ú ÇÐȸ, ½º¿þµ§ Çмú¿ø ¹× ³ë¸£¿þÀÌ ÀÇȸ°¡ »ÌÀº
À§¿øÈ¸·Î ÀÌ »óÀÇ ½É»ç ±â°üµéÀ» ±¸¼ºÇϵµ·Ï ¸í½ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
-
2 ¾àÁ¤[°è¾à]ÇÏ´Ù
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3¡¼¹ý¡½ (¼Ò¼Û
¼ö¼ÓÀ¸·Î¼) ¡¦¿¡ ÇÕÀÇÇÏ´Ù
-
If you stipulate a condition or
stipulate that something must be done, you say clearly that it must be
done.
trier of fact
-
n. the judge
or jury responsible for deciding factual issues in a trial. If there is
no jury the judge is the trier of fact as well as the trier of the law.
In administrative hearings, an administrative law judge, a board,
commission or referee may be the trier of fact.
http://blog.naver.com/orgie?Redirect=Log&logNo=130014110378
acalculous cholecystitis: ¹«°á¼®´ã³¶¿°
gall bladder: ¾µ°³
cystic duct: ¾µ°³ÁָӴϰü
biliary atresia : ¾µ°³±æÆó¼âÁõ, ´ãµµÆó¼âÁõ
biliary stone : ´ã¼®, ¾µ°³±æµ¹
biliary system : ´ãµµ°è, ¾µ°³°èÅë
biliary tract : ´ãµµ, ´ã°ü, ¾µ°³±æ
bronchobiliary fistula : ±â°üÁö¾µ°³°ü»û±æ, ±â°üÁö´ã°ü·ç
hepatobiliary scintigraphy : °£¾µ°³¼¶±¤Á¶¿µ¼ú, °£´ã³¶¼¶±¤Á¶¿µ¼ú
nasobiliary drainage : ³»½Ã°æÀûºñ´ã°ü¹è¾×¼ú
attenuation : ¾àÈ, Àæ¾Æµê
attenuation coefficient : °¨¼è°è¼ö
fracture : °ñÀý
refracture : Àç°ñÀý
avulsion fracture : Âõ±è°ñÀý, °ß¿°ñÀý
bursting fracture : ÆÄ¿°ñÀý
linear fracture : ¼±°ñÀý
osteochondral fracture : »À¿¬°ñ°ñÀý, °ñ¿¬°ñ°ñÀý
pathologic fracture : º´Àû°ñÀý
pressure fracture : ¾Ð¹Ú°ñÀý
spontaneous fracture : ÀÚ¿¬°ñÀý
stress fracture : ±äÀå°ñÀý, ÇǷΰñÀý
transverse fracture : °¡·Î°ñÀý, Ⱦ°ñÀý
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